"Too Big To Fail" part 1

Corporate America is mainly a corrupt organization of large companies/conglomerates that fixes politics in their favor in many ways that put immense burdens on small businesses and the average employee. Some of their tactics is to run huge lobbying campaigns to influence legislation in negative ways. Other tactics include making connections with political figures. For example, Clarence Thomas, one of the judges of the supreme court is a Monsanto lawyer. He has always made decisions & passed legislation that benefits Monsanto regardless of how negatively the people is impacted. In addition, many corporations have huge donation campaigns, to influence government by influencing them to make decisions that will benefit them financially through the donation campaign. Due to the significant population of uneducated/looking out for their own interest judges on the supreme court, corporations can virtually buy a president if they wanted too because they claimed that corporations are individuals, thus they have no limit on campaign financing!

BIO FUEL

Biofuel is an inexpensive clean energy source which could supply a clean fuel for transportation. It accounts for about 30% of the co2 in the atmosphere created by burning diesel and gasoline. Biofuel is a fuel that can be obtained from organic material such as waste treatment plants and agriculture. Bio fuel are generated when sugars, fats, oils, and starches get converted into fuel. These fuels include biodiesel, alcohol, bioalcohols, biogas, and ethanol. Even though when combusted in a vehicle, co2 is emitted, the plant which was converted into the fuel absorbed co2 out of the atmosphere. In other words, biofuels have a minimal environmental effect because it has no carbon footprint. Some critics argue that biofuels will contribute to world hunger, because the crops transformed into biofuel, can be used to feed the population instead, helping prevent food shortages. However, this is misleading because biofuels can be created from waste products, such as used cooking oil, and switchgrass. In addition, biofuels are very biodegradable and have a minimal environmental impact due to it’s organicness. In an experiment conducted by the university of idaho, biofuel degraded 5 times quicker than petroleum diesel in nutrient and sewage sludge solutions and 2 times quicker in soil. Furthermore, the University conducted a toxicity study and found no mortalities and minimal toxic effects on rats and rabbits. They also conducted a petroleum diesel study. They found no mortalities, but hair loss and urinary discoloring in rats and rabbits.

Greenland Melting?

Due to Global Warming, Greenland and Antarctica are melting at an alarming rate because of the green house effect. According to the intergovernmental panel of climate change, global sea rise would be 3 ft or about a meter in 2100. This was generated when a  several mile long ice sheet broke off from Antarctica which exposed the sheet to more sunlight, increasing the melting rate. If the west side of Antarctica melted, global sea rise would be 11 ft, as tall as a 1 story building. This would be equivalent to a very high storm surge from hurricane sandy. Consequentially, many areas will be flooded globally and economic decline will follow due to the trillions of dollars of destruction. Hurricane sandy alone created $50 billion dollars of damage, an eternal flood as deep as a high storm surge on all locations, low points adjacent to the ocean would be flooded.

How To make A GMO

GMO’s are crops or foods that have their genetic structure altered. Most GMO’s have a roundup ready chemical in their gene that acts as a pesticide for bugs that eat the crops. In order to create a genetically modified foods, scientists first find and isolate the gene they what to insert into the plant. Then, they create a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make many copies of the isolated gene. Next, they insert in into the plants tissue using transformation. Finally, they check to make sure the Foreign gene they added works properly, if not they tweak it; and once this is complete the offspring will be a GMO!  Unfortunately, scientists insert a roundup ready gene into the plant which causes the offspring to make roundup ready pesticides. In many studies, rats  who have been fed GMO’s containing roundup ready NK603 on a daily basis developed horrifying tumors, severe widespread organ damage, and premature death. Astoundingly, these tumors were so large the rats had trouble breathing. In addition, the same chemical NK603 used on the rat tests is being grown across North America and is widely fed to humans via inorganic breakfast cereal and corn snack chips. Furthermore, rats that drank trace amount of roundup ready (at levels legally allowed in water supplies) developed a 200%-300% increase in tumors. Astonishingly, the USDA allowed GMO foods to be sold on the market without conducting tests to ensure they were safe. Unfortunately, this was passed because of the power of lobbying and corporate greed. However, there are no proven studies with GMO’s and humans, one can believe that eating GMO’s helps contribute to health issues.

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Meet "Villains Incorporated" Part 1

 1st: Monsanto is dubbed the most evil corporation in the world according to Hungry Turtle. Monsanto has been creating patent seeds and any farmer who posses these seeds will be sued for patent infringement. Monsanto has been shutting down organic/non organic farmer's businesses because many posses these seeds accidentally due to pollination, strong wind, heavy rains etc.Monsanto has their own private investigation force that visit farms and collect samples without consent. Monsanto is selling GMO crops for human and animal which can cause tumors and cancers according to Giles Eric Seralini, a micro biologist at the university of Caen, France.         

GMO study on tumors and cancers  

2nd: Dow Chemical company is dubbed "Monsanto's Frankenstein Monster". Dow Chemical my become more powerful than Monsanto if we do not take action. Monsanto is the leader of PCP's or pesticide resistant crops. They have created GMO corn and soybeans that can survive intense, massive, spraying of roundup, a product that Monsanto develops. This allowed farmers to conventionally spray roundup across their farms in massive concentrated quantities to kill the weeds without killing the plants. This caused an increase of Monsanto's seed and Roundup sales, Monsanto has sold hundreds of millions of pounds of roundup. Over 15 years bugs and weeds evolved and super bugs and super weeds began to exist. These evolved/mutated/adapted and they can withstand the highly toxic chemical, roundup. Dow has exploited this problem. They have developed 2,4-D, a pesticide much more toxic to roundup, one that super weeds cannot survive, yet..... This chemical has been linked to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , liver disease, lowered sperm counts, neurological, hormonal, reproductive issues......2,4-D is contaminated with dioxins. One millionth of a gram of Dioxin TCDD,2,3,7,8 , can kill a adult guinea pig.
MUST READ URGENT PLEASE  
Urgent Must Watch part 2 

Urban Heat Islands

An Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This affect is severely increasing due to global warming. If this continues into the future, urbanization in accompaniment with climate change have the potential to raise the temperature so significantly that it compromises plant/animal/environmental health, human health, energy resources, and our economy. In addition, Urban Heat Islands (UHI)  decrease the air quality by increasing the production of ozone and other pollutants. Urban Heat Islands also decrease water quality and putt pressure on the ecosystem. Furthermore, they are a significant contribute to heat waves and put pressure on the electric grid due to increased use of  air conditioning. Finally, they put huge pressures on animals because some cannot adapt to warmer climates like fish which can experience thermal pollution (20-30 degree warmer than regular conditions)and die of shock.Summer's have been getting warmer in cities at a higher rate than the surrounding rural areas since 1970 which is can be due to UHI. For instance New York City can be up to 20 degrees Fahrenheit higher than nearby rural areas and on average 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit warmer in the summer than rural areas. (Washington DC's average is a whopping 4.7 degree average over the past 10 years). The main factor that contributes to UHI is the use of materials that effectively store short wave radiation. Thus, preventing or helping eliminate UHI can be achieved by having green roofs and using reflective surfaces in construction/roads like painting the streets white to reflect heat back instead of absorbing it.

*This website compares the temperature in cities to rural areas

Temperature in Cities vs Rural Areas

Plastics

A plastic is an organic polymer and are usually synthetic. Even though, a majority of  plastics are derived from petrochemicals like petroleum, some are created from sugar cane and corn. Plastics are widely used in industry due to their low cost, easy to manufacture, and imperviousness (impenetrable) to water. They are used in a variety of products such as buttons to electronics to spaceships. Unfortunately, there is no economic reason for companies to use biodegradable plastics which have a low environmental impact. The image shown above is an example of what potentially occurs to plastics which are not recycled.

BPA Chemical Structure

-Cons: Some plastics like Bisphenol A (BPA) which is commonly used in BABY BOTTLES, water bottles, Coatings on food & Drink Cans, dental fillings, and Sports Equipment generate severe health effects if consumed. BPA is an endocrine disruptor which means that it interferes with  the production, transport, and function of natural hormones. This is especially harmful to babies and young children (Which makes it illogical to put it in baby bottles). A study conducted by the Center of disease control and prevention found out that 93% of children urine samples had BPA and 95% for an adult. Health affects of BPA include: Type 2 diabetics, Breast Cancer (females only), Brain Function impairment (memory, learning..), heart disease, reproductive disorders....

-Cons: BPA is a soil pollutant (destroys Agri Industry) and interferes with Nitrogen Fixation at the roots of many plant species. It induces genetic abnormalities most commonly in amphibians and crustaceans (which we consume) and undermines the development of aquatic species most signifigantly.

-Why it is not banned: Because, BIG BUSINESS MAKES MONEY!!!!!!!!! Lobbyists, Bribes, Corruption, Campaigns, .....

Solutions: Avoid #7 plastics because they could contain BPA, unless they have a BPA free label like Thomas' toothpaste. Only consume/handle products that are BPA free. If there is no BPA free label, one can assume it has BPA.

*: Note BPA Free bottles may contain Bisphenol instead of Bisphenol A. Be careful!!

(PARTS PER BILLION)

Obama Pro/Con

Pro's

* He created a new law known as FATCA or Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. This helped close the Tax loopholes which forced most/some tax havens to report the financial information of big U.S corporations to the Internal Revenue Service. This forced corporations, previously paying little or no tax to pay income tax.

* Eliminated Osama Bin Laden

Cons:

*Increasing Taxes in a bad economy is not bright. Especially when he has not generated/encouraged  manufacturing in the U.S and ban outsourcing. He also has not made a sufficient attempt to pay the $16,400,000,000,000 debt which is rising by $2,300,000,000 per day since 2012.

Obama Care: Many corporations such as Walmart exploit this program and instead of providing health benefits, they rely on the Government. Ultimately, the program is not beneficial to those who earn a small amount over the federal poverty Level are hit very hard because they do not qualify for gov't assistance. 

How to Colonize Mars

1:Build Eco-Friendly Power plants: Power plants play a key role in modern life. Without them, terraforming would not be possible because it requires enormous amounts of electricity. We also would not want a global Warming Crisis on two planets.

2: Terraforming: In order to make the experience worthwhile on mars, we need to have it’s atmosphere full of oxygen so that wearing space suits and oxygen tanks would be unnecessary. Mars atmosphere is 95.3% CO2 and earths is 21% oxygen and 0.04% CO2. Mars’ atmosphere is 2.7% nitrogen and earths is 78% nitrogen. Thus, we need a colossal fleet  of carbon capture machines operating in the atmosphere until it reaches 21%. We can emit some of the captured carbon to reach 0.04% carbon. We also need to import nitrogen from our atmosphere or extract nitrogen from rocks and emit it into the atmosphere.

3: Build Homes: Earth residents need places to live in when they imigrate to mars

4: The commercial Sector will exploit the new frontier and build factories and shops

5: Everyone has jobs! No unemployment! Wahoooo! A problem which exists on Earth is solved.

6: Incorporate municipal services.

An Essay on Global Warming by Hungry Turtle part 2 (Books that changed the World)

                               
                                Solutions                      

People should not use these fuels, because they are not efficient and cause global warming. We can switch our cars  to be powered by bio fuel instead of gasoline. Getting your car to run on bio fuel is almost free.  One can go to designated auto shops to have the car’s engine converted to run on bio fuel for a few hundred dollars.  Bio fuels produce up to 85% less  emissions than gasoline which lowers CO2 emissions by billions of tons.  Best of all, bio fuel is much cheaper than gas.  One can visit  a restaurant and collect their used cooking oil for free to power their vehicle or purchase biofuel for $2 to $2.50 a gallon at gas stations.  In addition, renewable eco friendly energy sources can generate electricity for electric cars.  The advancement of technology has contributed  to the production of more efficient batteries that requires less time to charge up  and increases mileage. Furthermore one can install a hydrogen fuel cell which is very eco friendly since it runs on  Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms and the only  byproduct is water. The process of extracting the hydrogen and oxygen is simple and clean; factories use electrolysis which is the process of using electricity to break the bonds of the atoms and since hydrogen is a gas, it rises and it can be captured in a container above the reaction.  Finally, we can save money and the earth if we use biofuel, hydrogen fuel cells, and clean electricity.

An essay on Global Warming By Hungry Turtle books that changed the world series

An effect of fossil fuel use is acid rain and smog which contributes significantly to pollution. Specifically, one byproduct of auto exhaust from gasoline and coal fired power plant is nitrogen-oxide which creates smog and air pollution when it reacts with sunlight.  The CO2 creates carbonic acid that transforms into acid rain when it  interacts with water.  Acid rain will create  health issues to plants, animals, and humans.  In addition, residents who live next to gas rigs (hydraulic fracturing well pads) are at risk to many health problems due to exposure to fracking fluid, methane, and radium 226 and 223. Radium is radioactive and often escapes from the wells through air and radioactive waste. Furthermore many citizens living in Fracking areas like Baldwin Hills have Fracking wells adjacent to their houses, schools, and parks which causes  severe health problems because of the harmful chemicals used in Fracking. Fracking fluid from one well contains a mixture of  a million gallons of water  including hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, methanol, formaldehyde, ammonium persulfate, and over one thousand other chemicals such as concentrated hydrochloric acid which dissolves solid rock with ease  to bacteria eliminators. As you can see, even the process of mining natural gas (a fossil fuel) plays a major effect on the environment; after knowing all this information, would you want to drink this water?

An essay on the impact of the combustion of fossil fuels part 1 by Hungry Turtle (Books that changed the world)

The combustion of fossil fuels increases global warming which creates climate change. The  carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels  (CO2)  acts as a blanket and prevents the sun’s  thermal energy from going back into space. Approximately 31,000,000,000 tons of CO2 are released per year into the atmosphere due to the combustion of these fuels. The United States releases 17% of the world's annual  fossil fuel emissions compared to Europe 27 countries which releases 13% of the worlds annual fossil fuel emissions. In addition, this can lead to frequent storms that are more powerful and destructive.  Furthermore, some animals and plants cannot adapt to the warmer climates causing extinction and more diseases thrive in warmer conditions.  If cold regions become warmer, they may be targeted by diseases, and some creatures  and humans may die as a result.

I eat Organic. I hate GMO. part 3

Monsanto is a GMO company with an infamous history involving corruption to toxic chemicals to controversial GMOs. They have even been involved in Nuclear Weapons and now they are trying to genetically engineer seeds that kill themselves so they cannot be replanted causing farmers to buy more instead of saving them. Would you want to eat a ear of corn grown from a "terminator seed"? These seeds may be toxic for consumption, besides I believe that you should not be bio-engineering seeds in general because "the plant did not give you permission" and "the earth is sacred and it's creatures should not be science experiments." Monsanto's current non-terminator GMO seeds are having a severe negative affect on the environment. They are competing with the native plants and since they have a built in pesticide in their genes, they have a huge pesticide advantage and cause extinction because of the native plants cannot compete. If this occurs, many animals will go extinct too because the entire food chain will be destroyed. The animals/insects which rely on the extinct  plant for food may become extinct, and their predator may go extinct too. With the addition of a "Terminator seed" which may be going out onto the market , there may be huge devastation. Furthermore, as these non-terminator GMO crops emit seeds, the GMO crop population will be extremely high and the organics will be  negatively affected.

CONTROL                                     EXPERIMENT

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The essay on the principle of population part 2 by Thomas Malthus 1798 summation (books that changed the world series)

Global population 9,000,000,000 people in 2050, 25 years from now. Can the Earth sustain this high population? What about the animals and plants that share this earth with us, is there going to be enough space for them?

-The Essay on the principle of population is a controversial book written by Thomas Malthus and published in 1798. His book is somewhat controversial and he was the most abused man of his age.
Please visit part 1 before reading part 2 on the essay on The Principle of Population.


HIS CONTROVERSIAL BELIEFS:

*Disclaimer: Do not hold me accountable if you particularly do not fancy some of his beliefs.  I am just informing you of his beliefs which means that accepting them is optional. This book belongs in the series because it had an impact on the world like the Wealth of Nations and The Science of Politics 

One of Thomas Malthus' beliefs is that public housing schemes should be nonexistent because they stimulated early marriages and increased the population by doing so. Alike in terms of effects, higher wages had a similar "catastrophic effect". His solution was to delay marriage and to put restraints on the quantity of children.

He also believes that poor-laws tend to not benefit the poor in the long term. It increases their population without increasing the food supply. A poor man who gets married will not be able to support a family independently. This may increase the population of people in poverty and it would decrease the entire food supply increasing the cost. This in turn may make non-poor people more reliant on the parish making the whole situation worse in the long term.

Furthermore, he believes that the happiness of a country is not determined by high degrees of poverty, inhabitation, the inhabitants age, but "the proportion of the population and the food bear to each other."

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith summation part 1

coming soon... today/tomorrow

Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus summation part 1 (books that changed the world series)

Global population 9,000,000,000 people in 2050, 25 years from now. Can the Earth sustain this high population? What about the animal's and plant's that share this planet with us, is there enought space for them?

The Essay on the principle of population is a controversial book written by Thomas Malthus and published in 1798. His book is somewhat controversial and he was the most abused man of his age do to critics.

*Disclaimer: Do not hold me accountable if you particularly do not fancy some of his beliefs.  I am just informing you of his beliefs which means that accepting them is optional. This book belongs in the series because it had an impact on the world like the Wealth of Nations and The Science of Politics 

-"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence... The race of plants, and the race of animals, shrink under this great restrictive law. And the race of man cannot escape from it. Among plants and animals, its effect are waste of seed, disease, and premature death. Among man, there is misery."

-"Where the means of subsistence have been more ample, the manners of the people so pure, and consequently the checks to early marriage fewer." This occurs because he found that a population could potentially double every 25 years without immigration.  He believes that by having great encouragements toward agriculture, the produce of the country must double in 25 years to fit the need of the population. However, after 50 years, the population has quadrupled in a fifty year span and doubling the subsistence will not fit the demands. For example, if there were 10 people in year 2000, and 20 people in 2025, and 40 people in 2050, the population quadrupled from 10 to 40. "

Population   doubles/25 years:1,2,4,8,16,32,64
Subsistence                             :1,2,3,4, 5,  6,  7

- In addition, he believes that people who do not have adequate subsistence to support a family should remain celibate. One of Thomas Malthus' most controversial statement is "A man born in the world already possessed, if he cannot get subsistence from his parents,on whom he has a just demand, and if society does not want his labour, he has no claim of right to the smallest proportion of food, in fact he has no business to be where he is."

- Another controversial statement of Thomas Malthus was that charity is undesirable because it gave money to the poor without increasing the amount of food available, consequently creating shortages and a rise in prices.

Please read part 2.

I eat Organic. I hate Monsanto. part 1

Laugh Laugh Laugh. No laughing, this is serious business and true. 

Monsanto is a unsustainable (Contrary to the propaganda on their Website) GMO food corporation that was an escape goat for a chemical company. Monsanto used to be a chemical company and invented tons of toxic chemicals like DDT (highly toxic chemical), Agent orange (concentrated carcinogen) , RGBH (growth harmonies for cows ), PCB's... Ironically, these are all toxic chemicals and had many negative affects on the environment and people, some of these chemicals were banned. Fortunately, Monsanto was having financial issues and was about to close down, (hurry!!!) until they had discovered GMO's which saved the company (Nooo!!). Monsanto is also very infamous for causing/encourage  political corruption. For example, they created the Monsanto protection act which does the following:

1: Disallows the federal court from halting the sale and planting of controversial genetically engineered seeds even if it is found to cause severe health issues. Furthermore, President Barrack Obama had signed off on this act even though in 2007, Obama promised GMO labeling. (GMO are still not labeled in the U.S and GMOs have been banned in CHINA, Russia, France, Germany, Australia, Poland, Italy,Greece, Mexico....). In addition, there have been many accurate non-Monsanto funded research run by independent scientists that show that the consumption of these products in rats can lead to premature death, tumors, and cancers. Non-surprisingly,  Monsanto believes that this is rubbish and GMOs do not have any negative affect on our health.

2: The act was written in collusion with Monsanto. Senator Roy Blunt worked with Monsanto on creating this act. This is another example of corporations, dictating congress and the PRESIDENT.

3: It shows that having court challenges are a privilege instead of a right.

POLITICAL CORRUPTION

internal combustion engines (tech series)

Internal Combustion engines are a primary source of power for industry and transportation. All non-electric and fuel cell vehicles use internal combustion engines for locomotion power.
The figure shown is a 4 stroke engine.

1: intake/induction: The intake valves open and the pistons lowers sucking air (blue)  in. The air/fuel acting as air (rare cases) is referred to as "charge" under all circumstances.The volume of the chamber increases in this step.

2: Compression: During this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston moves upwards, decreasing the volume and compressing the "charge" to the maximum level (TDC). Also, the temperature and pressure drastically increase and become very high due to energy transfer and just before TDC, a spark plug receives a high voltage charge and ignites the "charge". In most engines, the fuel (gasoline, bio-fuel) gets injected immediately

Figure 5

3 Power: The pressure of the combustion gases  from the ignition forces the rotary piston downward. In addition theses gases expand due to temperature and when the piston is near BDC, the exhaust valve opens,

4:Exhaust: The high pressure gases want to equalize with the atmosphere so they escape the piston and get emitted into the air.

5: Circular Motion. The pistons pull and push a lever attached to an axle causing it to rotate powering a wheel.

Belo Monte Dam (Hydro-electric power station) Current Event Series

I would like to discuss the issues with the construction of the dam, both negative and positive impacts of the dam to increase your awareness. It has started construction on the Xingu river in Brazil and it will be the third largest dam complex in the world. It will generate 11.233 gigawatts of power at peak capacity (average generation is 40% of the peak capacity which is 4.5 gigawatts which is a little over 6,000,000 horsepower). Brazil's total power production is 102.144 gigawatts of power.

Cons:

*The dam will cause a loss of bio-diversity because turbine blades can  chop up marine life that accidentally enter. Also, 193.05 square miles of land will be flooded which is equal to 125,000 acres of land which will cause more loss of bio-diversity. However, the flooded land was largely deforested in 1970s by the trans-amazon highway.The land topography affects the amount of flooding in all hydro plants with dams. Plants built on flatland contribute to more flooding than hilly ones because the reservoirs are much larger. An infamous example is the Balbina Plant (shown below) which flooded about 600,000 acres, an area the size of Delaware!(frown,sad) And it only generated 233 megawatts of power compared to the fact that the Belo Monte will produce 11,233 megawatts at peak capacity and floods about 3/10 the acreage of Balbina.

the BALBINA PLANT

*The dam displaces

"How to series" to success in a working world (old growth and new growth job opportunities/experience)

*Note: This is Not meant for criticizing/judging for it was written only with the help and consultance and editing of myself 12yrs of age. It is learned through first hand experience with work stories of family members who have experienced/witnessed hostility in their own work environment.

* Get out of a stagnant/non-growth field in your company if you are in one. Hostile work environments are most present here. For example, my dad witnessed an employee declare that another was "incompetent and stupid" to his face in front of his boss. This was to inform her (the boss/manager) to lay-off  the "incompetent and stupid person" instead of  himself. P.S the guy was a new employee and has a calm temper, he also is quite competent and meets expectations .

*In old growth/stagnant fields, most likely politics makes the decisions including  ratings like top 30% or meets or exceeds standards based off of top 30 friends instead of top 30% quality work. Do not get discouraged in terms of lack of quality work if you do not make it for the rating is inaccurate.

*Growth fields often require more work and are more stressful work-wise hence the name "growth" which means more projects, issues,and work because the field is growing. Growing fields include Wireless technology (telecommunications),  Robotics (medical, industrial, environmental,power engineering). 

* Old growth fields are much more stressful in terms of worrying that there will be a layoff. CEO's like money and believe old growth fields are not generating a lot of revenue so to increase their profits they layoff people in the old growth fields and  may replace them with people in new growth fields which can help increase total profits in those fields where it is economically reasonable.

*In old growth fields, you not get promoted unless you have "political connections" so you may not receive bonuses if you are interested in income.

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How stuff works (Television)

Television converts light waves and sound waves into electrical messages. A television camera records the scene and turns it into radio waves which gets transferred to an antenna. In a television camera, the surface that picks up the picture has chemicals coated onto the surface. When light hits it, the chemicals transform. Inside the tube where this mayhem takes place, a gun shoots a beam of electric particles onto the chemically coated area. The beam gets altered and picks up the light and dark areas on the surface. Then the electron beam gets reflected back to the gun where it is converted into an electrical signal which gets converted into radio waves. Once the signal gets transformed back into beams inside devices and mechanisms inside a television set, the beam hits a screen coated with chemicals. Then, the screen lights up and you have an image on the screen.

How stuff works (Radio)

       The way a radio functions is very similar to the way a telephone functions. The microphone which records the singer/entertainer converts the sound waves into electrical waves with a microphone. The sound waves make rearrange carbon grains in the microphone altering the wave of the electrical signal when electricity moves through the carbon grains. The electrical signals go to a transmitter which sends the signal over the air when it emits a strong electrical current. The transmitter emits the signal at a constant rate. Each radio station has it's own frequency which is speed over wavelength. Since each signal from each radio station has different velocities and wavelengths, the messages transmitted over the air are assigned to different frequencies, the messages do not get mixed up and are separate. This signal which gets emitted through the air is absorbed by the antenna on the radio which gets converted into sound waves through a speaker. To control the loudness of the music, a knob alters the strength of the electrical signal through a device called a potential meter which is a resistor.

How stuff works (telephone) part 1

The RD is the disc and the metal cylinder wrapped in wire is the electromagnet

A telephone converts sound waves into electrical signals. When you talk into a telephone, the sound waves vibrate and spread out in every direction. The device turns these waves/vibrations into electrical pulses and at the other end of the phone, the device turns the electrical pulses back into sound waves. The process from which sound waves get converted into electrical waves takes place in a microphone. The microphone contains grains of carbon which electricity moves through. When you speak, the sound waves/vibrations move the grains in various patterns, altering the electrical signal which gets sent through the telephone line. At the other end of the line, an electromagnet is attached to a disc. The different electrical signals alter the strength of the electro magnet. The magnet makes the disc vibrate which move the air creating sound! Eureka!